Method of preparing lithium complex salts for use in electrochemical cells

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a method of preparing lithium complex salts and their intermediaries and to the use of these in electrolytes.

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/191,479 filed Jul. 10, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,657,072, which in turn is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/613,293 filed Jul. 10, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,441,216.

The invention relates to a method of preparing lithium complex salts and to the use of these in electrochemical cells.

Lithium ion batteries are amongst the most promising systems for mobile applications, the fields of application extending from sophisticated electronic appliances (e.g. mobile phones, camcorders) to batteries for electrically driven motor vehicles.

These batteries consist of cathode, anode, separator and a nonaqueous electrolyte. The cathodes used are typically Li(MnMe_(z))₂O₄, Li(CoMe_(z))O₂, Li(CoNi_(x)Me_(z))O₂ or other lithium intercalation and insertion compounds. Anodes can consist of lithium metal, carbon materials, graphite, graphitic carbon materials or other lithium intercalation and insertion compounds or alloy compounds. The electrolyte used is in the form of solutions comprising lithium salts such as LiPF₆, (Li⁺[PF₆]⁻, lithium hexafluorophosphate), LiBF₄ (Li⁺[BF₄]⁻ lithium tetrafluoroborate), LiClO₄ (Li⁺[ClO₄]⁻, lithium perchlorate), LiAsF₆ (Li⁺[AsF₆]⁻, lithium hexafluoroarsenate), Li[SO₃CF₃] (Li⁺[SO₃CF₃]⁻ lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate), Li[N(SO₂CF₃)₂] (Li⁺[N(SO₂CF₃)₂]⁻, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide) Li[C(SO₂CF₃)₃](Li⁺[C(SO₂CF₃)₃]⁻, lithium tris(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)methide), and mixtures of those in aprotic solvents.

The standard conducting lithium salts have various drawbacks. Some conducting salts having low cycling yields (e.g. Li⁺[BF₄]⁻). Other conducting salts have low thermal stability (e.g. Li⁺[PF₆]⁻), and yet other conducting salts are not particularly suitable because of their toxicity and poor environmental safety (e.g. Li⁺[AsF₆]⁻).

WO 98/07729 therefore describes a novel class of conducting salts, the lithium borate complexes. These compounds gave particularly good results in cycling trials and proved especially stable. In combination with other salts, these complexes exhibit a synergistic stabilizing effect with respect to oxidation.

A description of lithium bis[5-fluoro-2-olato-benzenesulfonato(2)-O,O′]borate(1-) reveals a conducting salt which, on the basis of its properties, must be regarded as a very promising conducting salt for use in lithium ion batteries. It does, however, present the problem of the cost-intensive and complicated synthesis of the precursors.

The only previous literature reference (Speier, The Preparation and Properties of (Hydroxyorgano)-silanes and related compounds, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74 (1952), 1003) on the synthesis of 2-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acids and its derivatives describes this as a laborious three-step procedure with overall yields in the range of between 40 and 70%.

It is therefore a feature of the present invention to provide a simple method for the synthesis of lithium complex salts.

This feature is achieved by a method of preparing lithium complex salts of the general formula

where

-   -   R¹ and R² are identical or different, are directly linked or not         directly linked to one another via a single or double bond,         each, individually or jointly, have the meaning of an aromatic         ring from the group phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl or         phenanthrenyl, which can be unsubstituted or mono- to         hexasubstituted by alkyl (C₁ to C₆), alkoxy groups (C₁ to C₆) or         halogen (F, Cl, Br),     -   or each, individually or jointly, have the meaning of an         aromatic heterocyclic ring from the group pyridyl, pyrazyl or         pyrimidyl, which can be unsubstituted or mono- to         tetrasubstituted by alkyl (C₁ to C₆), alkoxyl (C₁ to C₆) or         halogen (F, Cl, Br),     -   or each, individually or jointly, have the meaning of an         aromatic ring from the group hydroxybenzenecarboxyl,         hydroxynaphthalenecarboxyl, hydroxybenzenesulfonyl and         hydroxynaphthalenesulfonyl, which can be unsubstituted or mono-         to tetrasubstituted by alkyl (C₁ to C₆), alkoxy groups (C₁ to         C₆) or halogen (F, Cl, Br),     -   R³-R⁶ can each, individually or pairwise, being directly linked         or not directly linked to one another (i.e., are optionally         directly linked to an adjacent ring substituent) via a single or         double bond, have the following meaning:     -   1. alkyl (C₁ to C₆), alkyloxy (C₁ to C₆) or halogen (F, Cl, Br)     -   2. an aromatic ring from the groups     -   phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl or phenanthrenyl, which can be         unsubstituted or mono- to hexasubstituted by alkyl (C₁ to C₆),         alkoxy groups (C₁ to C₆) or halogen (F, Cl, Br),     -   pyridyl, pyrazyl or pyrimidyl, which can be unsubstituted or         mono- to tetrasubstituted by alkyl (C₁ to C₆), alkoxyl (C₁ to         C₆) or halogen (F, Cl, Br),         characterized in that     -   a) 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-substituted phenol (III) in a suitable solvent         is admixed with chlorosulfonic acid,     -   b) the intermediate (IV) from a) is reacted with         chlorotrimethylsilane, and the product is filtered and subjected         to fractional distillation,     -   c) the intermediate (II) from b) is reacted with         lithiumtetramethanolate borate(1-) in a suitable solvent and the         end product (I) is isolated therefrom.

We have found that, starting from 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-substituted phenol (III), it is possible to prepare lithium complex salts in a 3-step synthesis. The starting material is a compound of the general formula:

-   -   R³-R⁶ can each, individually or pairwise, being directly linked         or not directly linked to one another via a single or double         bond, have the following meaning:     -   1. alkyl (C₁ to C₆), alkyloxy (C₁ to C₆) or halogen (F, Cl, Br)     -   2. an aromatic ring from the groups     -   phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl or phenanthrenyl, which can be         unsubstituted or mono- to hexasubstituted by alkyl (C₁ to C₆),         alkoxy groups (C₁ to C₆) or halogen (F, Cl, Br),     -   pyridyl, pyrazyl or pyrimidyl, which can be unsubstituted or         mono- to tetrasubstituted by alkyl (C₁ to C₆), alkoxy groups (C₁         to C₆) or halogen (F, Cl, Br).

The intermediate of the general formula (II):

where R¹ and R² each, individually or jointly, have the following meanings:

-   -   R¹, R²: H, alkyl having from 1 to 6 C atoms and trialkylsilyl         (containing alkyl C₁ to C₆),     -   R³-R⁶ can each, individually or pairwise, being directly linked         or not directly linked to one another via a single or double         bond, have the following meaning:     -   1. alkyl (C₁ to C₆), alkyloxy (C₁ to C₆) or halogen (F, Cl, Br)     -   2. an aromatic ring from the groups     -   phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl or phenanthrenyl, which can be         unsubstituted or mono- to hexasubstituted by alkyl (C₁ to C₆),         alkoxy groups (C₁ to C₆) or halogen (F, Cl, Br),     -   pyridyl, pyrazyl or pyrimidyl, which can be unsubstituted or         mono- to tetrasubstituted by alkyl (C₁ to C₆), alkoxy groups (C₁         to C₆) or halogen (F, Cl, Br),         can be synthesized in yields of between 80 and 90%.

The end product of the general formula (I) can be used in electrolytes of lithium batteries, either on its own on in combination with other lithium salts and/or borate complexes. In so doing it is important to make sure that the level of sodium-containing impurities is very low. Given the electrochemical properties (sodium is baser than lithium), sodium ions would otherwise be inserted into the structure of the negative electrodes. Ultimately this results in failure of the battery. The method according to the invention can dispense with the use of sodium.

Consequently, the lithium borate complexes prepared according to the invention are suitable in particular for use in electrochemical cells. The lithium borate complexes can be used, together with other lithium salts or alternatively with borate complexes, in electrolytes for secondary lithium batteries.

Alternatively, the lithium borate complexes can also be used in electrolytes comprising conventional conducting salts. Suitable, for example, are electrolytes comprising conducting salts selected from the group LiPF₆ (Li⁺[PF₆]⁻, lithium hexafluorophosphate), LiBF₄ (Li⁺[BF₄]⁻, lithium tetrafluoroborate), LiClO₄ (Li⁺[ClO₄]⁻, lithium perchlorate), LiAsF₆ (Li⁺[AsF₆]⁻, lithium hexafluoroarsenate), Li[SO₃CF₃], (Li⁺[SO₃CF₃]⁻lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate), Li[N(SO₂CF₃)₂] (Li⁺[N(SO₂CF₃)₂]⁻, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide), Li[C(SO₂CF₃)₃] (Li⁺[C(SO₂CF₃)₃]⁻, lithium tris(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)methide), and mixtures of these. The electrolytes ay also comprise organic isocyanates (DE 199 44 603) to reduce the water content. Equally, the electrolytes can comprise organic alkali metal salts (DE 199 10 968) as an additive. A suitable example is that of alkali metal borates of the general formula. Li⁺B⁻(OR¹)_(m)(OR²)_(p) where

-   -   m and p are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, with m+p=4, and R¹ and R² are         identical or different,     -   are linked or not linked directly to one another via a single or         double bond,     -   each, individually or jointly, have the meaning of an aromatic         or aliphatic carboxylic, dicarboxylic or sulfonic acid radical,         or     -   each, individually or jointly, have the meaning of an aromatic         ring from the group phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl or         phenanthrenyl which can be unsubstituted or mono- to         tetrasubstituted by A or Hal, or     -   each, individually or jointly, have the meaning of a         heterocyclic aromatic ring from the group pyridyl, pyrazyl or         bipyridyl, which can be unsubstituted or mono- to trisubstituted         by A or Hal, or     -   each, individually or jointly, have the meaning of an aromatic         hydroxy acid from the group of aromatic hydroxy carboxylic acids         or aromatic hydroxy sulfonic acids, which can be unsubstituted         or mono- to tetrasubstituted by A or Hal, and     -   Hal is F, Cl or Br and     -   A is alkyl which has from 1 to 6 C atoms and can be mono- to         trihalogenated. Equally suitable are alkali metal alcoholates of         the general formula         Li⁺OR⁻         where R     -   has the meaning of an aromatic or aliphatic carboxylic,         dicarboxylic or sulfonic acid radical, or     -   has the meaning of an aromatic ring from the group phenyl,         naphthyl, anthracenyl or phenanthrenyl which can be         unsubstituted or mono- to tetrasubstituted by A or Hal, or     -   has the meaning of a heterocyclic aromatic ring from the group         pyridyl, pyrazyl or bipyridyl, which can be unsubstituted or         mono- to trisubstituted by A or Hal, or     -   has the meaning of an aromatic hydroxy acid from the group of         aromatic hydroxy carboxylic acids or aromatic hydroxy sulfonic         acids, which can be unsubstituted or mono- to tetrasubstituted         by A or Hal, and     -   Hal is F, Cl or Br and     -   A is alkyl which has from 1 to 6 C atoms and can be mono- to         trihalogenated.

Equally, the electrolytes can comprise compounds of the following formula (DE 199 41 566) [([R¹(CR²R³)_(k)]_(l)A_(x))_(y)Kt]⁺⁻N(CF₃)₂ where

-   -   Kt=N, P, As, Sb, S, Se     -   A=N, P, P(O), O, S, S(O), SO₂, As, As(O), Sb, Sb(O)     -   R¹, R² and R³, identically or differently, are H, halogen,         substituted and/or unsubstituted alkyl C_(n)H_(2n+1),         substituted and/or unsubstituted alkenyl having 1-18 carbon         atoms and one or more double bonds, substituted and/or         unsubstituted alkynyl having 1-18 carbon atoms and one or more         triple bonds, substituted and/or unsubstituted cycloalkyl         C_(m)H_(2m−1), mono- or polysubstituted and/or unsubstituted         phenyl, substituted and/or unsubstituted heteroaryl,     -   A can be included in various positions in R¹, R² and/or R³,     -   Kt can be included in cyclic or heterocyclic rings,     -   the groups bound to Kt can be identical or different,         where     -   n=1-18     -   m=3-7     -   k=0, 1-6     -   l=1 or 2 in the case of x=1 and 1 in the case x=0     -   x=0, 1     -   y=1-4.

The method of preparing these compounds is characterized in that an alkali metal salt of the general formula D⁺⁻N(CF₃)₂  (II),

-   -   D⁺ being selected from the group of the alkali metals, is         reacted in a polar organic solvent with a salt of the general         formula         [([R¹(CR²R³)_(k)]_(l)A_(x))_(y)Kt]⁺⁻E  (III)         where     -   Kt, A, R¹, R², R³, k, l, x and y have the abovementioned         meanings and     -   ⁻E is F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻, BF₄ ⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, AsF₆ ⁻, SbF₆ ⁻ or PF₆ ⁻.

It is equally possible, however, to employ electrolytes comprising compounds of the general formula (DE 199 53 638) X—(CYZ)_(m)—SO₂N(CR¹R²R³)₂ where

-   -   X is H, F, Cl, C_(n)F_(2n+1), C_(n)F_(2n−1),         (SO₂)_(k)N(CR¹R²R³)₂     -   Y is H, F, Cl     -   Z is H, F, Cl     -   R¹, R², R³ are H and/or alkyl, fluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl     -   m is 0-9 and if X=H, m≠0     -   n is 1-9     -   k is 0, if m=0, and k=1 if m=1-9,         prepared by reacting partially fluorinated or perfluorinated         alkylsulfonyl fluorides with dimethylamine in organic solvents         and complex salts of the general formula (DE 199 51 804)         M^(x+)[EZ]_(x/y) ^(y−)         where     -   x, y are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6     -   M^(x+) is a metal ion     -   E is a Lewis acid selected from the group BR¹R²R³, AlR¹R²R³,         PR¹R²R³R⁴R⁵, AsR¹R²R³R⁴R⁵, VR¹R²R³R⁴R⁵,     -   R¹ to R⁵ are identical or different and are directly linked or         are not directly linked to one another via a single or double         bond, each, individually or jointly, have the meaning:         -   of a halogen (F, Cl, Br),         -   of an alkyl or alkoxy radical (C₁ to C₈) which may be             partially or completely substituted by F, Cl, Br,         -   of an aromatic ring which is bound or not bound via oxygen,             is selected from the group phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl or             phenanthrenyl, and can be unsubstituted or mono- to             hexasubstituted by alkyl (C₁ to C₈) or F, Cl, Br,         -   of an aromatic heterocyclic ring which is bound or not bound             via oxygen, is selected from the group pyridyl, pyrazyl or             pyrimidyl, and can be unsubstituted or mono- to             tetrasubstituted by alkyl (C₁ to C₈) or F, Cl, Br, and     -   z is OR⁶, NR⁶R⁷, CR⁶R⁷R⁸, OSO₂R⁶, N(SO₂R⁶) (SO₂R⁷), C(SO₂R⁶)         (SO₂R⁷) (SO₂R⁸), OCOR⁶, where     -   R⁶ to R⁸ are identical or different, are directly linked or not         directly linked to one another via a single or double bond, and         each, individually or jointly, have the meaning of a hydrogen or         the meaning as R¹ to R⁵, prepared by reacting an appropriate         boron or phosphorus Lewis acid solvent adduct with a lithium or         tetraalkylammonium imide, methanide or triflate.

Also present can be borate salts (DE 199 59 722) of the general formula

where

-   -   M is a metal ion or tetraalkylammonium ion,     -   x, y are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6,     -   R¹ to R⁴ are identical or different alkoxy or carboxy radicals         (C₁ to C₈) which are directly linked or are not directly linked         to one another via a single or double bond. These borate salts         are prepared by reacting lithium tetraalcoholate borate or a 1:1         mixture of lithium alcoholate with a boric acid ester in an         aprotic solvent with a suitable hydroxyl or carboxyl compound in         a ratio of 2:1 or 4:1.

The additives can also be employed in electrolytes which comprise lithium fluoroalkyl phosphates of the general formula (I), Li⁺[PF_(x)(C_(y)F_(2y+1−z)H_(z))_(6−x)]⁻  (I) where

-   -   1≦x≦5     -   3≦y≦8     -   0≦z≦2y+1         and the ligands (C_(y)F_(2y+1−z)H_(z)) can be identical or         different, with the exception of the compounds of the general         formula (I′),         Li⁺[PF_(a)(CH_(b)F_(c)(CF₃)_(d))_(e)]⁻  (I′)         in which a is an integer from 2 to 5, b=0 or 1, c=0 or 1, d=2         and     -   e is an integer from 1 to 4, with the conditions that b and c         are not simultaneously=0 and the sum a+e equals 6 and the         ligands (CH_(b)F_(c)(CF₃)_(d)) are identical or different (DE         100 089 55). The method for preparing lithium fluoroalkyl         phosphates of the general formula (I) is characterized in that         at least one compound of the general formula         H_(m)P(C_(n)H_(2n+1))_(3−m)  (III),         OP(C_(n)H_(2n+1))₃  (IV),         Cl_(m)P(C_(n)H_(2n+1))_(3−m)  (V),         F_(m)P(C_(n)H_(2n+1))_(3−m)  (VI),         Cl_(o)P(C_(n)H_(2n+1))_(5−o)  (VII),         F_(o)P(C_(n)H_(2n+1))_(5−o)′  (VIII),         in each of which     -   0≦m≦2, 3≦n≦8 and 0≦o≦4,     -   is fluorinated by electrolysis in hydrogen fluoride, the         fluorination product mixture thus obtained is separated by         extraction, phase separation and/or distillation, and the         fluorinated alkylphosphorane thus obtained is reacted with         lithium fluoride in an aprotic solvent or solvent mixture with         the exclusion of moisture, and the salt thus obtained of the         general formula (I) is purified and isolated in accordance with         standard procedures.

The additives can be employed in electrolytes for electrochemical cells which comprise anode material consisting of coated metal cores selected from the group Sb, Bi, Cd, In, Pb, Ga and tin or alloys of these (DE 100 16 024). The method for preparing said anode material is characterized in that

-   -   a) a suspension of a sol of the metal core or alloy core is         prepared in urotropine,     -   b) the suspension is emulsified with C₅-C₁₂ hydrocarbons,     -   c) the emulsion is precipitated onto the metal cores or alloy         cores, and     -   d) the metal hydroxides or oxihydroxides are converted into the         corresponding oxide by annealing the system.

The additives can also be used in electrolytes for electrochemical cells comprising cathodes of standard lithium intercalation and insertion compounds, but alternatively comprising cathode materials which consist of lithium mixed oxide particles which are coated with one or more metal oxides (DE 199 22 522), by suspending the particles in an organic solvent, admixing the suspension with a solution of a hydrolysable metal compound and a hydrolysis solution and then filtering off the coated particles, drying them and calcining them if required. Alternatively, they can consist of lithium mixed oxide particles which are coated with one or more polymers (DE 199 46 066), obtained by a method in which the particles are suspended in a solvent and the coated particles are then filtered off, dried and calcined if required. Equally, the additives according to the invention can be used in systems comprising cathodes which consist of lithium mixed oxide particles, which are singly or multiply coated with alkali metal compounds and metal oxides (DE 100 14 884). The method for preparing these materials is characterized in that the particles are suspended in an organic solvent, an alkali metal salt compound suspended in an organic solvent is added, metal oxides dissolved in an organic solvent are added, the suspension is admixed with a hydrolysis solution, and the coated particles are then filtered off, dried and calcined.

A general example of the invention is explained below in more detail.

Preparation of the intermediate (II):

3-, 4-, 5-, 6-substituted phenol (III) is dissolved in a suitable solvent under an inert gas atmosphere (argon or nitrogen). This solution is admixed, over a period of from 30 min to 2 hours at temperatures of between 10 and 30° C., preferably at room temperature, with a 5-20% excess of chlorosulfonic acid. The precipitated product (IV) is filtered off with suction under an inert gas atmosphere after a reaction time of from 20 to 40 hours, as a rule after 24 hours, is washed with a suitable solvent and dried in vacuo.

This intermediate (IV) is admixed under an inert gas atmosphere with a 1.5 to 4-fold excess of the stoichiometric amount of chlorotrimethylsilane and is heated to boiling. After the vigorous release of HCl has died down, the same amount of chlorotrimethylsilane is added again and the solution is heated under reflux for 50-100 hours. The precipitated starting material is filtered off after cooling under an inert gas atmosphere. The excess chlorotrimethylsilane is removed at slightly reduced pressure and the intermediate of the general formula (II) is isolated by fractional distillation.

Conversion to the lithium complex salt:

To prepare the lithium complex salt (I), lithium tetraalcoholatoborate is introduced as initial charge in a polar aprotic solvent under an inert gas atmosphere. The solvent used can be a solvent from the group acetonitrile, acetone, nitromethane, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate and methyl ethyl carbonate. After the addition of stoichiometric amounts of the intermediate (II) the mixture is stirred for from about half an hour to about 5 hours, preferably from about 45 min to about 90 min, at temperatures of between about 40 and about 70° C. The silane formed and the solvent are removed under slightly reduced pressure and the crude product is dried to constant weight in vacuo. The crude product is recrystallized from a suitable solvent or solvent mixture and then dried to constant weight in vacuo.

Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following preferred specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever.

In the foregoing and in the following examples, all temperatures are set forth uncorrected in degrees Celsius; and, unless otherwise indicated, all parts and percentages are by weight.

The entire disclosure of all applications, patents and publications, cited above, and of corresponding German application No. 199 32 317.8 filed Jul. 10, 1999, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/613,293 filed Jul. 10, 2000, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/191,479 filed Jul. 10, 2002, are hereby incorporated by reference.

EXAMPLES Example 1 5-Fluoro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid

200 g (1.78 mol) of 4-fluorophenol are dissolved under a nitrogen atmosphere in 1300 ml of CHCl₃ (distilled, dried over CaCl₂). Added dropwise to this solution, over a period of 1 hour at room temperature with stirring, are 131 ml (229 g=1.96 mol) of chlorosulfonic acid, a vigorous release of HCl being observed initially, which dies down 30 min after completion and ceases entirely after a further 3 hours. After a reaction time of 24 hours, the precipitated product is filtered off with suction at room temperature under inert gas, washed twice with 200 ml of CHCl₃ each time, and dried in vacuo at 1333 Pa and room temperature for 3 hours.

The product is a greyish-white, highly hygroscopic powder.

Yield: 302 g (88%).

Melting point: 110-114° C. (sealed capillary).

¹H-NMR (250 MHz, [D₆] DMSO): δ=6.77 (dd, ³J_(H3-H4)=8.9 Hz, ⁴J_(H3-F)=4.6 Hz, 1H, H-3), 7.04 (dt, ³J_(H4-H3)=8.9 Hz, ⁴J_(H4-H6)=3.3 Hz, ³J_(H4-F)=8.9 Hz, 1H, H-4), 7.16 (dd, ³J_(H6-F)=8.4 Hz, ⁴J_(H6-H4)=3.3 Hz, 1H, H-6), 12.32 (br. s, 2H, OH, SO₃H).

¹³C-NMR (62.9 MHz, [D₆] DMSO): δ=113.46 (+, d, ²J_(C-F)=24.0 Hz, C-6), 118.47 (+, d, ³J_(C-F)=7.4 Hz, C-3), 118.53 (+, d, ²J_(C-F)=23.0 Hz, C-4), 131.79 (C_(quart), d, ³J_(C-F)=5.8 Hz, C-1), 150.22 (C_(quart), d, ⁴J_(C-F)=1.8 Hz, C-2), 155.10 (C_(quart), d, ¹J_(C-F)=236.3 Hz, C-5).

MS (70 eV, El), m/z (%): 194 (2) [M⁺+2], 193 (3) [M⁺+1], 192 (54) [M⁺], 174 (44), 126 (23), 110 (65), 98 (15), 82 (100), 63 (16), 57 (20) C₆H₅O₄FS: obs. 191.9892 (correct HRMS).

Example 2 Trimethylsilyl 5-fluoro-2-trimethylsilyloxy-benzenesulfonate

302 g (1.57 mol) of 5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid are admixed, under an inert gas atmosphere at room temperature with stirring, with 794 ml (683 g, 6.28 mol) of chlorotrimethylsilane, and the mixture is heated to boiling. After the vigorous release of HCl has died down, a further 794 ml of chlorotrimethylsilane are added and the turbid solution is heated under reflux for 96 hours. After cooling, the precipitate is filtered off under inert gas, the excess chlorotrimethylsilane is removed at 40-50° C. under slightly reduced pressure (about 4000 Pa) and the product is obtained by fractional distillation in vacuo.

The product is a colorless, viscous, readily hydrolysable liquid.

Yield: 496 g (93%).

Boiling point: 93-96° C./1.333 Pa.

¹H-NMR (250 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=0.32 (s, 9H, OTMS), 0.36 (s, 9H, OTMS), 6.87 (dd, ³J_(H3-H4)=9.0 Hz, ⁴J_(H3-F)=4.3 Hz, 1H, H-3), 7.16 (ddd, ³J_(H4-H3)=9.0 Hz, ⁴J_(H4-H6)=3.2 Hz, ³J_(H4-F)=7.6 Hz, 1H, H-4), 7.57 (dd, ⁴J_(H6-H4)=3.2 Hz, ³J_(H6-F)=8.0 Hz, 1H, H-6).

¹³C-NMR (62.9 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=0.38 (+, OTMS), 0.43 (+, OTMS), 116.23 (+, d, ²J_(C-F)=26.4 Hz, C-6), 121.08 (+, d, ²J_(C-F)=23.0 Hz, C-4), 121.70 (+, d, ³J_(C-F)=7.4 Hz, C-3), 130.99 (C_(quart), d, ³J_(C-F)=7.3 Hz, C-1), 149.82 (C_(quart), d, ⁴J_(C-F)=2.6 Hz, C-2), 155.77 (C_(quart), d, ¹J_(C-F)=243.2 Hz, C-5).

MS (70 eV, El), m/z (%): 336 (3) [M⁺], 321 (33), 264 (43), 249 (60), 233 (96), 169 (39), 147 (59), 75 (100), 73 (76), 45 (18) C₁₂H₂₁O₄FSSi₂: obs. 336.0683 (correct HRMS)

Elemental analysis: % C % H calculated: 42.82 6.29 observed: 42.57 6.30

Example 3 Lithium bis[5-fluoro-2-olato-benzenesulfonato(2-)O,O′]-borate(1-)

2.81 g (19.8 mmol) of lithium tetramethanolatoborate(1-) are suspended under inert gas in 100 ml of dimethyl carbonate (DMC). Addition of 13.35 g (39.7 mmol) of trimethylsilyl 5-fluoro-2-trimethylsilyloxy-benzenesulfonate results in a clear solution. This is kept at 45-50° C. for one hour, becoming slightly turbid in the process. The silane formed is stripped off together with the solvent at 50° C. under slightly reduced pressure, and the crude product obtained is dried for 24 hours at 70° C. in an oil pump vacuum. The crude product is recrystallized four times from toluene/DMC. Clouding observed during the first two purification steps is removed by filtration via a glass frit. The lithium salt is dried to constant weight in vacuo at from 1 to 10 Pa at a temperature of 70° C.

The product is obtained in the form of colorless acicular crystals.

¹H-NMR (250 MHz, [D₆] DMSO): δ=7.08 (dd, ³J_(H3-H4)=8.9 Hz, ⁴J_(H3-F)=4.4 Hz, 2H, H-3, H-3′), 7.40 (dt, ³J_(H4-H3)=8.9 Hz, ⁴J_(H4-H6)=3.2 Hz, ³J_(H4-F)=8.9 Hz, 2H, H-4, H-4′), 7.50 (dd, ⁴J_(H6-H4)=3.2 Hz, ³J_(H6-F)=8.9 Hz, 2H, H-6, H-6′).

¹³C-NMR (62.9 MHz, [D₆DMSO]): δ=110.6 (+, d, ²J_(C-F)=25.7 Hz, C-6), 121.3 (+, d, ²J_(C-F)=22.9 Hz, C-4), 121.4 (+, d, ³J_(C-F)=7.9 Hz, C-3), 125.3 (C_(quart), ³J_(C-F)=7.6 Hz, C-1), 148.9 (C_(quart), ⁴J_(C-F)=2.2 Hz, C-2), 155.2 (C_(quart), ¹J_(C-F)=240.0 Hz, C-5).

AAS: Lithium content: Calculated: 1.74% Observed: 1.75%.

Example 4 Oxidation resistance of lithium bis[5-fluoro-2-olato-benzenesulfonato(2-)O,O′]borate(1-)

A measuring cell comprising a platinum working electrode, lithium counterelectrode and lithium reference electrode was used to record, in each case, 5 cyclovoltammograms successively. To do this, the potential, starting from the rest potential, was first increased at a rate of 10 mV/s to 5 V against Li/Li⁺ and subsequently run back to the rest potential.

Electrolyte: 0.42 mol/kg_(Lm) lithium bis[5-fluoro-2-olato-benzenesulfonato(2-)O,O′]borate(1-) EC/DMC (1:1)

The oxidation potential was measured as 4.5 V against Li/Li⁺.

The preceding examples can be repeated with similar success by substituting the generically or specifically described reactants and/or operating conditions of this invention for those used in the preceding examples.

From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention and, without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. 

1. An electrolyte in an electrochemical cell comprising a lithium complex salt of formula

where R¹ and R² are optionally directly linked to one another via a single a double bond, and each, independently is phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl or phenanthrenyl, optionally mono- to hexasubstituted by C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy or halogen; or each independently is pyridyl, pyrazyl or pyrimidyl, each optionally mono- to tetrasubstituted by C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy or halogen; or each independently is hydroxybenzenecarboxyl, hydroxynaphthalenecarboxyl, hydroxybenzenesulfonyl or hydroxynaphthalenesulfonyl, each optionally mono- to tetrasubstituted by C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy groups or halogen; ring substituents R³-R⁶ are optionally directly linked to an adjacent ring substituent via a single or double bond and are: C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy or halogen; phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl or phenanthrenyl, each optionally mono- to hexasubstituted by C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy or halogen; or pyridyl, pyrazyl or pyrimidyl, each optionally mono- to tetrasubstituted by C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy or halogen.
 2. An electrolyte for a secondary lithium battery comprising a lithium complex salt of formula

where R¹ and R² are optionally directly linked to one another via a single or double bond, and each, independently is phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl or phenanthrenyl, optionally mono- to hexasubstituted by C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy or halogen; or each independently is pyridyl, pyrazyl or pyrimidyl, each optionally mono- to tetrasubstituted by C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy or halogen; or each independently is hydroxybenzenecarboxyl, hydroxynaphthalenecarboxyl, hydroxybenzenesulfonyl or hydroxynaphthalenesulfonyl, each optionally mono- to tetrasubstituted by C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, or halogen; ring substituents R³-R⁶ are optionally directly linked to an adjacent ring substituent via a single or double bond and are C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy or halogen; phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl or phenanthrenyl, each optionally mono- to hexasubstituted by C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy or halogen; or pyridyl, pyrazyl or pyrimidyl, each optionally mono- to tetrasubstituted by C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy or halogen; and at least one additional lithium salt and/or borate complex.
 3. The electrolyte of claim 2, wherein the additional lithium salt is Li⁺[PF₆]⁻, Li⁺[BF₄]⁻, Li⁺[ClO₄]⁻, Li⁺[AsF₆]⁻, Li⁺[SO₃CF₃]⁻, Li⁺[N(SO₂CF₃)₂]⁻, Li⁺[C(SO₂CF₃)₃]⁻ or a mixture thereof.
 4. The electrolyte of claim 2, wherein the borate complex is of the formula Li⁺B⁻(OR^(1′) _(m)(OR^(2′))_(p) where m and p are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, with m+p=4, and where R^(1′) and R^(2′) are optionally directly linked to one another via a single or double bond, each, independently is an aromatic or aliphatic carboxylic, dicarboxylic or sulfonic acid radical, or each, independently is an aromatic ring from the group phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl or phenanthrenyl, each optionally mono- to tetrasubstituted by A or Hal, or each, independently is heterocyclic aromatic ring from the group pyridyl, pyrazyl or bipyridyl, each optionally mono- to trisubstituted by A or Hal, or each, independently is an aromatic hydroxy acid from the group aromatic hydroxy carboxylic acids or aromatic hydroxy sulfonic acids, each optionally mono- to tetrasubstituted by A or Hal, and Hal is F, Cl or Br and A is an alkyl having from 1 to 6 C atoms, and optionally, mono- to trihalogenated.
 5. The electrolyte of claim 2, wherein the lithium salt is of the formula: Li⁺OR′ where R′ is an aromatic or aliphatic carboxylic, dicarboxylic or sulfonic acid radical, or is an aromatic ring from the group phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl or phenanthrenyl which can be unsubstituted or mono- to tetrasubstituted by A or Hal, or is a heterocyclic aromatic ring from the group pyridyl, pyrazyl or bipyridyl, optionally mono- to trisubstituted by A or Hal, or is an aromatic hydroxy acid from the group of aromatic hydroxy carboxylic acids and aromatic hydroxy sulfonic acids, optionally mono- to tetrasubstituted by A or Hal, and Hal is F, Cl or Br and A is an alkyl having from 1 to 6 C atoms, and optional , mono- to trihalogenated.
 6. The electrolyte of claim 2, further comprising compounds of formula: [([R^(1″)(CR^(2″)R^(3″))_(k))_(y)]Kt]⁺[N(CF₃)₂]⁻ where Kt=N, P, As, Sb, S, or Se, R^(1″), R^(2″) and R^(3″), independently are halogen, alkyl C_(n)H_(2n+1), optionally substituted; alkenyl having 1-18 carbon atoms and one or more double bonds, optionally substituted; and alkynyl having 1-18 carbon atoms and one or mare triple bonds, optionally substituted; cycloalkyl C_(m)H_(2m−1), optionally substituted; heteroaryl, optionally mono- or poly-substituted; and phenyl, optionally mono- or polysubstituted, where n=1-18, m=3-7, k=0, or 1-6, and y=1-4.
 7. The electrolyte of claim 2, wherein the borate complex is a salt of formula:

where M is a metal ion or tetraalkylammonium ion, x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, and y is 1; R^(″″) to R^(4″″) are independently C₁-C₈-alkoxy or carboxy radicals which are optionally directly linked to an adjacent ring substituent via a single bond or double bond.
 8. An electrochemical cell or a battery comprising an electrolyte comprising a lithium complex salt

where R¹ and R² are optionally directly linked to one another via a single or double bond, and each, independently is phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl or phenanthrenyl, optionally mono- to hexasubstituted by C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy or halogen; or each independently is pyridyl, pyrazyl or pyrimidyl, each optionally mono- to tetrasubstituted by C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy or halogen; or each independently is hydroxybenzenecarboxyl, hydroxynaphthalenecarboxyl, hydroxybenzenesulfonyl or hydroxynaphthalenesulfonyl, each optionally mono- to tetrasubstituted by C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy or halogen; ring substituents R³-R⁶ are optionally directly linked to an adjacent ring substituent via a single or double bond and are C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy or halogen; phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl or phenanthrenyl, each optionally mono- to hexasubstituted by C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy or halogen; or pyridyl, pyrazyl or pyrimidyl, each optionally mono- to tetrasubstituted by C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy or halogen. 